Peaker plants are typically small, modular units that can be quickly deployed and ramp up to full capacity within hours. They are often used in conjunction with traditional power plants to provide a flexible and responsive solution to fluctuating energy demands. The current heat wave has highlighted the importance of these “peaker” plants, as they have been instrumental in preventing blackouts and ensuring a stable power supply. However, the increasing frequency and intensity of heat waves, coupled with the growing demand for renewable energy sources, pose significant challenges to the grid operators. The U.S.

This reliance on peaker plants, while seemingly a temporary solution, has the potential to exacerbate air pollution and contribute to climate change. Peaker plants are typically large, inefficient, and emit significant amounts of pollutants, including sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. These pollutants contribute to smog, acid rain, and respiratory problems.

However, this reliance on nature’s timing can pose a challenge for system operators. The challenge arises from the fact that renewable energy sources are intermittent, meaning their output fluctuates depending on weather conditions, time of day, and other factors. This variability makes it difficult to balance the supply and demand for electricity, leading to potential grid instability and even blackouts.

This shift in the power system is driven by the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources, which are inherently intermittent. Intermittent renewable energy sources like wind and solar power are not always available when needed, leading to a need for dispatchable resources to ensure a reliable and stable power supply. The use of dispatchable fossil fuel units is also influenced by the need to maintain grid stability and reliability. Grid stability is crucial for ensuring that the power system operates efficiently and reliably. Grid stability is threatened by the rapid fluctuations in renewable energy generation, which can cause voltage and frequency deviations.

These plants, which are used to generate electricity, are major contributors to air pollution. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established air quality standards to protect public health. These standards are based on scientific evidence and aim to minimize the harmful effects of air pollution.

## Power Plant Emissions: Reducing the Footprint

Power plants are a vital component of the modern world, providing the energy that powers our homes, businesses, and industries. However, these power plants also contribute significantly to air and water pollution, impacting the environment and human health. This issue is particularly prominent for fossil fuel-powered plants, which release greenhouse gases and other pollutants during combustion. To address this challenge, power plant owners are increasingly investing in technologies to reduce emissions. These technologies can be broadly categorized into two main groups:

1. **Emission Reduction Technologies:** These technologies directly target the reduction of pollutants emitted during power generation.